<img src="https://publish-01.obsidian.md/access/744ac39d33cabbc297b91373bfcac24d/bin/images/Egypt_map.png" alt="Egypt" class="page-header-sidebar-image"> Egypt has provisions in its legislation relating to the granting of compulsory licences. These can be found in Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (Patents of Invention, Utility Models, Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits, etc.). - Non-working / insufficient exploitation - If the patent is not being worked in Egypt, or is not being exploited sufficiently, for example: four years from date of application or three years from date of grant without exploitation. - If the patentee suspends exploitation without valid reason for more than one year. - Refusal to grant licences / abuse / anti-competitive practices - The law allows issue of a compulsory licence if the patentee refuses to grant a licence under reasonable terms, or the exploitation is abused such as by unreasonable price, failure to supply local market, or blocking of technology transfer. - Public interest / emergency / non-commercial public utility - For inventions whose exploitation is required for non-commercial public utility (e.g., health, food safety, environment), emergencies or cases of extreme urgency. In such cases a compulsory licence may be granted without prior negotiation with the patentee. - Dependent patent / later invention scenario - The law provides that if a later invention cannot be worked without infringing an earlier patent — and there is a substantial technical advance — a compulsory licence may be granted to the earlier patent. More information can be found [here](https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/22066 ). ## Generic manufacturers Egypt has its own generic manufacturer: [Amoun Pharmaceutical Co. S.A.E ](https://www.amoun.com/ ).